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Scripts used to integrated editors and other file comparison apps with VisualDiffer. Shell 0 1 0 0 Updated May 30, 2014. Scripts 1 4 0 0 Updated Dec 1, 2013. 5 + 5 → 0, carry 1 (since 5 + 5 = 10 = 0 + (1 × 10 1) ) 7 + 9 → 6, carry 1 (since 7 + 9 = 16 = 6 + (1 × 10 1) ) This is known as carrying. When the result of an addition exceeds the value of a digit, the procedure is to 'carry' the excess amount divided by the radix (that is, 10/10) to the left, adding it to the next positional value.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305.2020.46.2.573
Abstract
This trial aimed to evaluate the growth performance and hematological parameters of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) GIFT strain during nursery using different stock densities in a biofloc system. The experiment was conducted in circular tanks (400 L) with sexually reversed fish, weighing 6.74 ± 0.37 g, over a period of 35 days. Five treatments with three replicates each were used in a completely randomized design. The treatments were as follows: T1 (200 fishes m-3); T2 (300 fishes m-3); T3 (400 fishes m-3); T4 (500 fishes m-3), and T5 (600 fishes m-3). The fishes were fed four times a day, following a feed table for this species, with adjustments according to fish biomass. The water quality parameters total ammoniacal nitrogen, and unionized ammonia showed a significant difference (p<0.05) between the treatments with lower (T1) and higher stocking densities (T4, T5). Alkalinity was significantly higher in treatments with higher densities (T4 and T5). Intensify 1 0 2. For hematological parameters, the number of thrombocytes was higher in T5. Hemoglobin concentration was significantly lower in T5 than in T3. The best productive indexes were found in T4, presenting final biomass of 9915.16 ± 14.80 g m-3, apparent feed conversion rate of 1.11 ± 0.02, mean survival of 95.75 ± 0.75%, and daily mean weight gain of 0.43 ± 0.07 g. Overall, the Nile tilapia nursery in a biofloc system showed higher individual growth at densities up to 300 fishes m-3 and increased stocking density up to 500 fishes m-3.
Visualdiffer 1 6 43 Mm
References
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Avnimelech, Y. 2007. Feeding with microbial flocs by tilapia in minimal discharge bio-flocs technology ponds. Aquaculture, 264(1-4): 140-147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.11.025.
Avnimelech, Y. 2011. Tilapia production using biofloc technology: saving water, waste recycling improves economics. Global Aquaculture Advocate, 14(3): 66-68.
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Avnimelech, Y.; Kochba, M. 2009. Evaluation of nitrogen uptake and excretion by tilapia in bio floc tanks, using 15N tracing. Aquaculture, 287(1-2): 163-168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.10.009.
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De Schryver, P.; Crab, R.; Defoirdt, T.; Boon, N.; Verstraete, W. 2008. The basics of bio-flocs technology: the added value for aquaculture. Aquaculture, 277(3-4): 125-137.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.02.019.
Durigon, E.G.; Lazzari, R.; Uczay, J.; Lopes, D.L. DE A.; Jerônimo, G.T.; Sgnaulin, T.; Emerenciano, M.G.C. 2020. Biofloc technology (BFT): adjusting the levels of digestible protein and digestible energy in diets of Nile tilapia juveniles raised in brackish water. Aquaculture and Fisheries, 5(1): 42-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aaf.2019.07.001.
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El-Sherif, M.S.; El-Feky, A.M.I. 2009. Performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. I. Effect of pH. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 11: 297-300.
Emerenciano, M.; Gaxiola, G.; Cuzo, G. 2013. Biofloc technology (BFT): a review for aquaculture application and animal food industry. In: Matovic, M.D. (Ed.). Biomass now-cultivation and utilization. Rijeka: InTech. p. 301-328. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/53902.
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Avnimelech, Y. 1999. Carbon/nitrogen ratio as a control element in aquaculture systems. Aquaculture, 176(1-4): 227-235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00085-X.
Avnimelech, Y. 2006. Bio-filters: the need for a new comprehensive approach. Aquacultural Engineering, 34(3): 172-178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2005.04.001.
Avnimelech, Y. 2007. Feeding with microbial flocs by tilapia in minimal discharge bio-flocs technology ponds. Aquaculture, 264(1-4): 140-147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.11.025.
Avnimelech, Y. 2011. Tilapia production using biofloc technology: saving water, waste recycling improves economics. Global Aquaculture Advocate, 14(3): 66-68.
Avnimelech, Y. 2015. Biofloc technology: a practical guide book. 3rd ed. Baton Rouge: The World Aquaculture Society. 258p.
Avnimelech, Y.; Kochba, M. 2009. Evaluation of nitrogen uptake and excretion by tilapia in bio floc tanks, using 15N tracing. Aquaculture, 287(1-2): 163-168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.10.009.
Avnimelech, Y.; Kochba, M.; Suryakumar, B.; Ghanekar, B. 2012. Nitrogen isotope: tool to evaluate protein uptake in biofloc systems. Haifa, Israel: Global Aquaculture Alliance. p. 74-75.
Azim, M.E.; Little, D.C. 2008. The biofloc tecnology (BFT) in indoor tanks water quality, bio-floc composition, and growth and welfare of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, 283(1-4): 29-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.06.036.
Balarin, J.D.; Hatton, J.P. 1979. Tilapia: a guide to their biology and culture in Africa. Scotland: University of Stirling. 174p.
Barbieri, E. 2010. Acute toxicity of ammonia in white shrimp (Litopenaeus schmitti) (Burkenroad, 1936, Crustacea) at different salinity levels. Aquaculture, 306(1-4): 329-333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.06.009.
Biswas, A.K.; Maita, M.; Yoshizaki, G.; Takeuchi, T. 2004. Physiological responses in Nile tilapia exposed to different photoperiod regimes. Journal of Fish Biology, 65(3): 811-821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00487.x.
Brum, A.; Pereira, S.A.; Owatari, M.S.; Chagas, E.C.; Chaves, F.C.M.; Mouriño, J.L.P.; Martins, M.L. 2017. Effect of dietary essential oils of clove basil and ginger on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) following challenge with Streptococcus agalactiae. Aquaculture, 468: 235-243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.10.020.
Burford, M.A.; Thompson, P.J.; McIntosh, R.P.; Bauman, R.H.; Pearson, D.C. 2003. Nutrient and microbial dynamics in high-intensity, zero-exchange shrimp ponds in Belize. Aquaculture, 219(1-4): 393-411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00575-6.
Choo, H.X.; Caipang, C.M.A. 2015. Biofloc technology (BFT) and its application towards improved production in freshwater tilapia culture. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation, 8(3): 362-366.
Collier, H.B. 1944. Standardization of blood haemoglobin determinations. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 50(6): 550-552.
Correa, A.S.; Pinho, S.M.; Molinari, D.; Pereira, K. da R.; Gutiérrez, S.M.; Monroy-Dosta, M. del C.; Emerenciano, M.G.C. 2020. Rearing of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles in a biofloc system employing periods of feed deprivation. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 32(2): 139-156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10454438.2019.1679319.
Crab, R.; Avnimelech, Y.; Defoirdt, T.; Bossier, P.; Verstraete, W. 2007. Nitrogen removal techniques in aquaculture for a sustainable production. Aquaculture, 270(1-4): 1-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.05.006.
Daneshvar, E.; Ardestani, M.Y.; Dorafshan, S.; Martins, M.L. 2012. Hematological parameters of Iranian cichlid Iranocichla hormuzensis - Coad, 1982 (Perciformes) in Mehran River. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 84(4): 943-949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0001-37652012005000054.
Day, S.B.; Salie, K.; Stander, H.B. 2016. A growth comparison among three commercial tilapia species in a biofloc system. Aquaculture International, 24(5): 1309-1322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10499-016-9986-z.
De Schryver, P.; Crab, R.; Defoirdt, T.; Boon, N.; Verstraete, W. 2008. The basics of bio-flocs technology: the added value for aquaculture. Aquaculture, 277(3-4): 125-137.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.02.019.
Durigon, E.G.; Lazzari, R.; Uczay, J.; Lopes, D.L. DE A.; Jerônimo, G.T.; Sgnaulin, T.; Emerenciano, M.G.C. 2020. Biofloc technology (BFT): adjusting the levels of digestible protein and digestible energy in diets of Nile tilapia juveniles raised in brackish water. Aquaculture and Fisheries, 5(1): 42-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aaf.2019.07.001.
El-Sayed, A.F.M. 2006. Tilapia culture. Wallingford: CAB International. 277p. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9780851990149.0000.
El-Shafai, S.A.; El-Gohary, F.A.; Nasr, F.A.; Van der Steen, N.P.; Gijzen, H.J. 2004. Chronic ammonia toxicity to duckweed-fed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, 232(1-4): 117-127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00516-7.
El-Sherif, M.S.; El-Feky, A.M.I. 2009. Performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. I. Effect of pH. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 11: 297-300.
Emerenciano, M.; Gaxiola, G.; Cuzo, G. 2013. Biofloc technology (BFT): a review for aquaculture application and animal food industry. In: Matovic, M.D. (Ed.). Biomass now-cultivation and utilization. Rijeka: InTech. p. 301-328. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/53902.
FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2017. Fisheries and aquaculture statistics 2015. Rome: FAO. 104p.
Gall, G.A.E.; Bakar, Y. 1999. Stocking density and tank size in the design of breed improvement programs for body size of tilapia. Aquaculture, 173(1-4): 197-205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(98)00487-6.
Ghiraldelli, L.; Martins, M.L.; Yamashita, M.M.; Jeronimo, G.T. 2006. Ectoparasites influence on the haematological parameters of Nile tilapia and carp cultured in the State of Santa Catarina, South Brazil. Su
Ürünleri Dergisi, 1(3): 270-276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jfas.2006.270.276.
Hargreaves, J.A. 2013. Biofloc production systems for aquaculture. Southern Regional Aquaculture Center, 4503: 1-12.
Hargreaves, J.A.; Kucuk, S. 2001. Effects of diel un-ionised ammonia fluctuation on juvenile hybrid stripped bass, channel catfish and blue tilapia. Aquaculture, 195(1-2): 163-181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00543-3.
Hari, B.; Madhusoodana Kurup, B.; Varghese, J.T.; Schrama, J.W.; Verdegem, M.C.J. 2004. Effect of carbohydrate addition in extensive shrimp culture systems. Aquaculture, 241(1-4): 179-194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.07.002.
Ishikawa, N.M.; Ranzani-Paiva, M.J.T.; Lombardi, J.V. 2008. Metodologia para quantificação de leucócitos totais em peixe, Oreochromis niloticus. Archives of Veterinary Science, 13(1): 54-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/avs.v13i1.11560.
Karasu, B.A.C.; Köksal, G. 2005. The acute toxicity of ammonia on tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) larvae and fingerlings. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 29: 339-344.
Kayode, S.J.; Shamusideen, S.A. 2010. Haematological studies of Oreochromis niloticus exposed to diesel and drilling fluid in Lagos, Nigeria. International Journal of Biodeversity and Conservation, 2(5): 130-133.
Liu, L.; Hu, Z.; Dai, X.; Avnimelech, Y. 2014. Effects of addition of maize starch on the yield, water quality and formation of bioflocs in an integrated shrimp culture system. Aquaculture, 418-419: 79-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.10.005.
Long, L.; Yang, J.; Li, Y.; Guan, C.; Wu, F. 2015. Effect of biofloc technology on growth, digestive enzyme activity, hematology, and immune response of genetically improved farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, 448: 135-141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.05.017.
Luo, G.; Gao, Q.; Wang, C.; Liu, W.; Sun, D.; Li, L.; Tan, H. 2014. Growth, digestive activity, welfare, and partial cost-effectiveness of genetically improved farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured in a recirculating aquaculture system and an indoor biofloc system. Aquaculture, 422-423: 1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.11.023.
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2020-10-03
VICENTE, Luiz Rodrigo Mota et al. NILE TILAPIA NURSERY IN A BIOFLOC SYSTEM: EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT STOCKING DENSITIES.Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, [S.l.], v. 46, n. 2, oct. 2020.ISSN 1678-2305.Available at: <https://www.pesca.sp.gov.br/boletim/index.php/bip/article/view/1501>. Date accessed: 18 oct. 2020.doi: https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305.2020.46.2.573.
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